A nomogram for the preoperative estimation of neuroblastoma risk despite inadequate biopsy information

This study developed a validated nomogram using distant metastasis, LDH levels, and tumor volume to predict high-risk neuroblastoma when preoperative biopsy information is inadequate. The model achieved excellent discrimination (C-index 0.95) and enables clinicians to stratify patients for appropriate chemotherapy and surgical planning without complete pathological data.