Caudal duplication syndrome: 10-year experiences with a comprehensive literature review

Retrospective analysis of 51 patients with caudal duplication syndrome reveals variable presentations ranging from duplicated colon-rectum, bladders, urethras, and external genitalia to associated spinal and vertebral anomalies. Most common pattern involves tubular colon-rectum duplication with anorectal malformations (18/51 bilateral). Multidisciplinary staged surgical approach yields favorable long-term functional outcomes in 76% of cases.