Diagnostic and management strategies for congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula: a systematic review

Systematic review of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula management reveals significant practice variation in diagnosis and surgical approach, with cervical repair being most common. Vocal cord palsy from laryngeal nerve injury affects 18.5% of cases, yet routine screening is rarely performed, highlighting need for standardized care pathways.