Long-Axis In-Plane Approach Versus Short-Axis Out-of-Plane Approach for Ultrasound-Guided Central Venous Catheterization in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized trial compared two ultrasound needle-guidance techniques for central line placement in children under 5 undergoing cardiac surgery. The long-axis in-plane approach reduced posterior vessel wall puncture by 79% compared to the short-axis out-of-plane method, with similar overall success rates.