Bone mineral density is increased in the cadmium-induced omphalocele chick model by using three-dimensional micro-computed tomography

This study used 3D micro-CT to examine bone mineral density in a cadmium-induced omphalocele chick model, finding significantly increased BMD in affected embryos compared to controls. The elevated bone density may explain the lumbar lordosis commonly seen in both this animal model and human omphalocele cases, potentially through Wnt pathway activation.