Evaluation of renal oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy during endoscopic injection of bulking agents in children with vesicoureteral reflux

This case-control study used NIRS monitoring to assess renal oxygenation during endoscopic bulking agent injection for VUR in children. Results showed transient renal oxygen desaturation during the procedure, with higher-grade reflux and renal scarring increasing hypoxia risk.