Intraoperative evaluation of testicular vascularization and perfusion in rat testicles with indocyanine green (ICG)/near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging after torsion–detorsion and reperfusion

Rat model study validates ICG/NIR fluorescence imaging as a safe, real-time method for assessing testicular perfusion during torsion-detorsion surgery. ICG caused no tissue damage and successfully visualized absent perfusion during torsion, restoration after detorsion, and sustained perfusion at 4 hours post-reperfusion, suggesting potential clinical utility for intraoperative decision-making.