Management of the Undescended Testis in Children: An American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence Based Practice Committee Systematic Review

This APSA systematic review of 260 studies establishes evidence-based guidelines for undescended testis management, recommending orchiopexy before age one to optimize fertility outcomes and minimize testicular cancer risk. Key findings favor single-incision approaches for palpable testes and clarify the limited roles of imaging and hormonal therapy in treatment planning.