Diagnostic and management strategies for congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula: a systematic review

Systematic review of 47 studies on H-type tracheoesophageal fistula reveals wide variation in diagnostic and surgical approaches, with cervical repair most common. Vocal cord palsy from laryngeal nerve injury affects 18.5% of cases, yet routine screening is rarely performed, highlighting need for standardized care pathways.