Biofeedback versus bilateral transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of functional non-retentive fecal incontinence in children: a randomized controlled trial

Randomized trial of 93 children with functional non-retentive fecal incontinence compared biofeedback, transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation, and conservative management. Biofeedback showed superior outcomes at 3 and 6 months, with significant improvements in incontinence scores and anorectal manometry parameters compared to nerve stimulation or Kegel exercises alone.