Transgenic animal models of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a comprehensive overview of candidate genes and signaling pathways

This comprehensive review examines transgenic animal models used to study congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), a life-threatening birth defect causing incomplete diaphragm formation and pulmonary hypoplasia. The article catalogs candidate genes and signaling pathways implicated in CDH pathogenesis while critically evaluating the translational relevance of animal models to human disease.