Systematic review: sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence in children with emphasis in anorectal malformation

Systematic review of 28 studies (710 pediatric patients) examining sacral nerve stimulation for constipation and fecal incontinence shows variable improvement but limited ARM-specific data. Current evidence insufficient to recommend or discourage SNS in anorectal malformation patients; future studies need standardized outcomes and ARM-specific details including malformation type and sacral anatomy.