# Sleep Apnea — GCMD Library living collection

Everything in the library about sleep apnea — built automatically from dossiers that name it.

Updated: n/a · 3 episodes · 69 cited statements

## Episodes
### Evidence & Research
- [Manish Raiji, MD - 2024 Pediatric Bariatric Surgery Update Course](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965) — video · 15:17 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965.md)
- [Health Equity Collaborative in ENT w/ Dr. Alexander Chiu & Dr. Romaine Johnson | ENT Podcast Ep. 98](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230) — video · 41:23 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230.md)
- [Ep. 98 Health Equity Collaborative in ENT with Dr. Alexander Chiu and Dr. Romaine Johnson](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236) — podcast · 41:15 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236.md)

## Chapters
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=0) Introduction of Dr. Manish Raiji (Ep 1)
- [0:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=36) Ethical frameworks and the trolley problem analogy (Ep 1)
- [4:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=240) Autonomy and decision-making in pediatric patients (Ep 1)
- [7:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=420) Models of parental decision-making (Ep 1)
- [9:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=540) Unanswered questions in pediatric bariatric surgery (Ep 1)
- [10:25](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=625) Discussion: barriers to care and reframing bariatric surgery (Ep 1)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=0) Introduction and defining health equity (Ep 2)
- [4:13](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=253) Current state of health equity research in otolaryngology (Ep 2)
- [10:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=639) Origins and structure of the Health Equity Collaborative (Ep 2)
- [18:21](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1101) Qualitative research methodology and challenges (Ep 2)
- [25:02](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1502) Building and sustaining the collaborative (Ep 2)
- [30:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1834) Future directions and practical applications (Ep 2)
- [37:04](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=2224) Closing remarks and contact information (Ep 2)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=0) Introduction and defining health equity (Ep 3)
- [3:42](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=222) The state of health equity research in otolaryngology (Ep 3)
- [11:40](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=700) Formation and structure of the Health Equity Collaborative (Ep 3)
- [18:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1116) Qualitative research methods and mixed methodology (Ep 3)
- [25:42](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1542) Long-term goals: education, recruitment, and priority shift (Ep 3)
- [30:26](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1826) Practical changes in clinical practice and local action (Ep 3)
- [36:46](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=2206) Closing remarks and call to action (Ep 3)

## Statements
Every statement is attributed, typed, and timestamped; the link is the citation.
- "Equality means giving everyone the same opportunities and access; equity means providing different supports so everyone can reach optimal health." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 4:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=276)
- "The apple-in-the-tree analogy: three people of different heights (6'5", 5'8", 5'3") need different-sized boxes to reach the same fruit (optimal health)." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 5:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=307)
- "Much equity work focuses on the individual, but not enough on community, interpersonal relationships, society, and caregiver research." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 7:40](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=460)
- "Many current articles describe disparities (e.g., Black children have more severe sleep apnea, higher revision rates) using big data or local data, but fewer address interventions to reduce those disparities." — Romaine Johnson (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 8:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=509)
- "At Children's Hospital Dallas, many families were calling or visiting the emergency room post-tonsillectomy due to a language barrier; they did not understand post-op pain medication instructions." — Romaine Johnson (clinical) [Ep 3 · 9:28](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=568)
- "After implementing language-preference tracking and better communication, the Dallas team saw fewer emergency room visits and phone calls for simple post-tonsillectomy questions." — Romaine Johnson (clinical) [Ep 3 · 9:46](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=586)
- "Data from 2012 (decade-old) show that African American Black patients consent less to head and neck cancer surgery and have poorer outcomes even when case-controlled for tumor stage." — Alexander Chiu (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 10:40](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=640)
- "A University of Kansas resident is conducting a qualitative study to understand why patients in Kansas City resist head and neck cancer surgery." — Alexander Chiu (clinical) [Ep 3 · 10:52](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=652)
- "There is a fair amount of literature describing health disparities on an individual basis, but almost no literature on interventions—especially at the community or societal level." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 11:25](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=685)
- "The Health Equity Collaborative was started in February 2022 with six institutions: University of Mississippi, Henry Ford, Charles Moore (Atlanta), University of Maryland Baltimore, UT Southwestern, and University of Kansas." — Alexander Chiu (clinical) [Ep 3 · 12:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=727)
- "The collaborative's initial goal was to agree on data metrics, collect local data, and present it to institutional decision-makers to effect policy change." — Alexander Chiu (clinical) [Ep 3 · 13:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=795)
- "The collaborative now includes about 20 academic programs with varying degrees of involvement." — Alexander Chiu (clinical) [Ep 3 · 20:16](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1216)
- "The master plan is for the American Academy of Otolaryngology to eventually adopt and support the collaborative." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 22:21](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1341)
- "High-impact journals are reluctant to publish qualitative studies (structured interviews, theme extraction) because they are not observational trials, randomized controlled trials, or systematic reviews." — Romaine Johnson (opinion) [Ep 3 · 14:32](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=872)
- "Qualitative research is rigorous and difficult: it requires discipline to extract themes from structured interviews of 40 people." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 15:06](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=906)
- "Mixed methodology (qualitative + quantitative metrics) may have emerged partly to satisfy traditional journal expectations for 'hard data.'" — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 16:10](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=970)
- "Community participatory research means doing research that affects the patients you treat, informed by what patients themselves want to see changed." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 18:13](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1093)
- "The collaborative initially paid people to attend sessions and provided elaborate meals, but that approach 'fell flat.'" — Alexander Chiu (clinical) [Ep 3 · 19:01](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1141)
- "The American Academy of Otolaryngology (Jim Denaney) has stepped up more than other national societies, recently securing a GSK grant for a 3-year core award to study health disparities." — Alexander Chiu (clinical) [Ep 3 · 19:27](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1167)
- "The collaborative meets via Zoom and plans one large in-person meeting annually at the American Academy of Otolaryngology meeting." — Alexander Chiu (clinical) [Ep 3 · 22:11](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1331)
- "Dr. Johnson has been tasked with working with the Academy's Regent registry (mostly private practitioners, some universities) to extract data and create an 'equity scorecard' to assess whether care is equitable." — Romaine Johnson (clinical) [Ep 3 · 23:43](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1423)
- "Building good data infrastructure and achieving measurable outcomes takes time; early wins for the collaborative included convening stakeholders and gaining Academy support." — Romaine Johnson (opinion) [Ep 3 · 24:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1447)
- "The collaborative has two main foci: research and professional identity/recruitment of underrepresented minorities into otolaryngology." — Alexander Chiu (clinical) [Ep 3 · 25:42](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1542)
- "Orthopedic surgery's Nth Dimension program has been more successful than otolaryngology efforts at recruiting people of color over the past 5 years." — Alexander Chiu (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 25:54](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1554)
- "Financial hurdles remain a barrier to replicating the Nth Dimension model in otolaryngology; larger societies need to fund this work." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 26:16](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1576)
- "The collaborative is considering developing anti-racism and equity curricula tailored to otolaryngology for residents and medical students." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 26:31](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1591)
- "Otolaryngology has the least representation of underrepresented minorities among surgical specialties." — Alexander Chiu (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 29:10](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1750)
- "The ultimate goal is to make health equity a top-three priority (1, 1A, or 1B) for all otolaryngologists, not just those in diverse or high-poverty communities." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 29:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1779)
- "Dr. Chiu tries to be more patient and understanding when patients appear non-compliant, exploring whether there is distrust, a barrier to obtaining medication, or insufficient explanation." — Alexander Chiu (clinical) [Ep 3 · 31:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1893)
- "When a patient gives 'that look' suggesting they may not follow through, Dr. Chiu now explores the underlying reason rather than assuming forgetfulness or lack of motivation." — Alexander Chiu (clinical) [Ep 3 · 32:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1928)
- "Research on elite achievers (e.g., top law school students) shows they become more interested in maintaining elite status over time, potentially losing early idealism." — Romaine Johnson (host_summary) [Ep 3 · 37:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=2227)
- "Medical students interviewing for otolaryngology residency often express interest in global health, equity, and justice, but those values can be lost during training." — Romaine Johnson (opinion) [Ep 3 · 38:04](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=2284)
- "Dr. Chiu tells medical students he wants them to remain 'badass, impassioned people with principles and high ethics' through residency and into attending practice, not just focus on case volume." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 35:54](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=2154)
- "Local practitioners can partner with population health departments, schools of medicine, and public health groups at their institutions, which are more developed in equity work than otolaryngology." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 33:09](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=1989)
- "Public health networks established for COVID vaccination studies use techniques (participatory research, community engagement) applicable to otolaryngology topics like HPV vaccine uptake." — Alexander Chiu (opinion) [Ep 3 · 33:31](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/ep-98-health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-with-dr-alexander-chiu-and-dr-romaine-johnson-13236?t=2011)
- "The Health Equity Collaborative was started in February 2022 with 6 institutions and has grown to approximately 20 academic programs" — Alex Chiu (clinical) [Ep 2 · 12:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=735)
- "African American Black patients consent less to surgery for head and neck cancer and have poorer outcomes when case-controlled for tumor staging, based on data published in 2012" — Alex Chiu (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 10:41](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=641)
- "Otolaryngology has the least representation for underrepresented minorities among medical specialties" — Alex Chiu (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 29:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1758)
- "Many published articles document disparities (e.g., Black children have more severe sleep apnea and higher revision rates) but few address interventions to reduce these disparities" — Romaine Johnson (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 9:02](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=542)
- "Language barrier intervention at Children's Hospital Dallas reduced post-tonsillectomy emergency room visits and phone calls by improving communication of post-operative instructions to non-English speaking families" — Romaine Johnson (clinical) [Ep 2 · 9:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=576)
- "High-impact journals are reluctant to publish qualitative studies despite their scientific rigor and value" — Romaine Johnson (opinion) [Ep 2 · 14:40](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=880)
- "Mixed methodology research (combining qualitative interviews with objective metrics) was developed partly as a response to get qualitative work published in journals that prefer hard data" — Alex Chiu (opinion) [Ep 2 · 15:54](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=954)
- "The American Academy of Otolaryngology received a grant from GSK to fund a core award for the next 3 years looking at health disparities studies" — Alex Chiu (clinical) [Ep 2 · 19:35](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1175)
- "Orthopedic surgery's Nth Dimension program has been more successful than otolaryngology in recruiting people of color over the past 5 years" — Alex Chiu (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 26:03](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1563)
- "Community-participatory research requires talking to patients to understand what they want from research and how it will impact them locally, rather than conducting research that may not be applicable to the population being studied" — Alex Chiu (opinion) [Ep 2 · 18:21](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1101)
- "Initial attempts to build the collaborative by paying people for their time and providing elaborate meals fell flat; finding intrinsically motivated people proved more effective" — Alex Chiu (clinical) [Ep 2 · 19:05](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1145)
- "Patient non-compliance with medications or treatment recommendations may stem from distrust, barriers to obtaining medication, or inadequate explanation rather than forgetfulness or unwillingness" — Alex Chiu (clinical) [Ep 2 · 31:45](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1905)
- "Public health departments, family practice, and population health departments at academic institutions are more developed in equity work than otolaryngology and can serve as local resources" — Alex Chiu (opinion) [Ep 2 · 33:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1998)
- "Research shows that people who achieve elite status tend to become more interested in maintaining their elite status over time rather than maintaining their initial idealistic goals" — Romaine Johnson (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 37:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=2235)
- "The collaborative aims to have every subspecialty use it to gather data and impact their local subspecialty areas" — Alex Chiu (opinion) [Ep 2 · 20:43](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1243)
- "Romaine Johnson is working with the REET registry (American Academy registry for mostly private practitioners) to extract data and create an equity scorecard to measure equitable care delivery" — Romaine Johnson (clinical) [Ep 2 · 23:41](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1421)
- "The collaborative has two main initial focuses: research and professional identity/recruitment of underrepresented minorities into otolaryngology" — Alex Chiu (clinical) [Ep 2 · 25:50](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1550)
- "Qualitative research using structured interviews to develop themes is as scientifically rigorous as survey research, despite being dismissed as 'someone's opinion'" — Romaine Johnson (opinion) [Ep 2 · 16:42](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1002)
- "Caregiver research for diseases and conditions in otolaryngology is woefully understudied, yet understanding and addressing caregiver burden may have greater impact on child health than prescribed medications" — Romaine Johnson (opinion) [Ep 2 · 17:58](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1078)
- "The American Board of Otolaryngology is interested in questions of professionalism, judgment, and justice as part of continuing certification, recognizing that a strong sense of justice and fairness plays a role in being a good physician" — Romaine Johnson (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 27:51](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/health-equity-collaborative-in-ent-w-dr-alexander-chiu-dr-romaine-johnson-ent-podcast-ep-98-13230?t=1671)
- "Children on Medicare and Medicaid are up to 2 times more likely to suffer from obesity, but comprise just over a third of patients obtaining bariatric services." — Manish Raiji (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 9:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=540)
- "There is a large mismatch between the number of bariatric centers per state versus the prevalence of obesity in those states." — Manish Raiji (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 9:30](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=570)
- "Children as young as 7 or 8 years of age require assent, especially for invasive procedures." — Manish Raiji (guideline) [Ep 1 · 9:50](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=590)
- "Most guidelines suggest no age limits for the performance of bariatric surgery." — Manish Raiji (guideline) [Ep 1 · 10:05](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=605)
- "Children with intellectual and developmental delays are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to have obesity due to medications, behavioral issues, and dietary issues." — Manish Raiji (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 10:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=615)
- "Bariatric surgery should be thought of as a very effective strategy and more as a primary intervention rather than an endpoint to a spectrum of failed other options." — Manish Raiji (opinion) [Ep 1 · 10:52](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=652)
- "Clinical practice guidelines intend to offer bariatric therapy when it's available, not when everything else has been tried." (guideline) [Ep 1 · 11:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=675)
- "Many referring pediatricians and families still think bariatric surgery is risky and dangerous." (opinion) [Ep 1 · 11:35](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=695)
- "Published papers show that bariatric surgery is a safe procedure in children and is safer than not operating on them." (host_summary) [Ep 1 · 12:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=735)
- "Obesity disproportionately affects vulnerable populations that don't have the same kind of insurance access." (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 12:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=735)
- "Societal bias that obesity is a personal choice is the first barrier that leads people not to seek any kind of care or treatment." — Karen (opinion) [Ep 1 · 12:41](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=761)
- "Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for sleep apnea is only 35% effective in kids with obesity." (clinical) [Ep 1 · 14:22](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=862)
- "ENT surgeons are now recognizing the limited effectiveness of tonsillectomy in children with obesity and sleep apnea." (clinical) [Ep 1 · 14:43](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=883)
- "Bariatric surgery fits in the category of low-risk, high-reward procedures based on data showing procedures are safe in children with excellent outcomes." — Manish Raiji (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=480)
- "In adult patient-physician relationships, the patient and physician are at the central portion of the relationship, but in pediatrics the parents and entire family unit must be included." — Manish Raiji (clinical) [Ep 1 · 4:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=240)
- "A 17-year-old cancer patient has a lot of influence on the decisions being made for her, unlike a neonate who has no autonomy." — Manish Raiji (clinical) [Ep 1 · 5:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=300)
- "The medical values of children as they become adults are influenced very heavily by their parents." — Manish Raiji (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=420)
- "Incapacitated adults often have a lifetime of behavior upon which surrogate decision makers can base perceived values, but none of that exists for a child." — Manish Raiji (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/manish-raiji-md-2024-pediatric-bariatric-surgery-update-course-7965?t=480)

## Changelog
- Sep 25: 3 items added automatically

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