# Parkinson's Disease — GCMD Library living collection

Everything in the library about Parkinson's disease — built automatically from dossiers that name it.

Updated: n/a · 7 episodes · 63 cited statements

## Episodes
### Fundamentals
- [How Electrical Stimulation Changes Brain Circuits | Functional Neurosurgery Explained – Episode 4](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633) — video · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633.md)
- [Finding 1mm in the Brain | Functional Neurosurgery Explained – Episode 1](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636) — video · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636.md)

### Surgical Management
- [Decoding DBS Target Selection in Parkinson's Disease | Functional Neurosurgery Explained – Episode 5](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632) — video · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632.md)
- [The Geometry of Precision | Frames in DBS – Functional Neurosurgery Explained – Episode 2](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-2-13635) — video · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-2-13635.md)

### Case-Based Learning
- [Movement Disorder Exam Questions for Neurosurgeons | MCQs, Concepts and Key Topics](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623) — video · 9:40 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623.md)

### In-Depth Reviews
- [3 Eras of Parkinson's Surgery: Destroy → Modulate → Respond](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628) — video · 2:08 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628.md)
- [Neuromodulation vs. Neuroablation | Functional Neurosurgery Explained – Episode 3](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634) — video · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634.md)

## Chapters
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=0) Introduction to Functional Neurosurgery Examination Topics (Ep 1)
- [1:24](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=84) Symptom Response to Deep Brain Stimulation (Ep 1)
- [2:23](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=143) Target Selection for Deep Brain Stimulation (Ep 1)
- [4:12](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=252) Patient Selection Criteria and Levodopa Challenge (Ep 1)
- [6:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=375) Anatomical Side Effects During Macro-Stimulation (Ep 1)
- [8:24](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=504) Dopamine Transporter Scan and Summary (Ep 1)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=0) Era 1: The Ablation Era (Ep 2)
- [0:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=44) Era 2: The Deep Brain Stimulation Era (Ep 2)
- [1:21](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=81) Era 3: The Adaptive Era (Ep 2)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0) Introduction and Framework Overview (Ep 3)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0) Introduction and Episode Overview (Ep 4)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0) Series introduction and episode overview (Ep 5)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-2-13635?t=0) Introduction to Stereotactic Frames in DBS (Ep 6)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0) Introduction to stereotactic targeting in functional neurosurgery (Ep 7)

## Statements
Every statement is attributed, typed, and timestamped; the link is the citation.
- "Thalamotomy in the VIM silences tremor." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 0:23](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=23)
- "Pallidotomy in the GPi eases rigidity, slowness, and dyskinesias." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 0:27](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=27)
- "Ablative lesions are permanent and cannot be undone or adjusted as the disease progresses." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 0:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=33)
- "In 1987 in Grenoble, Benabbi switched on high frequency stimulation above 100 hertz, and the tremor vanished instantly, reversibly." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 0:48](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=48)
- "Stimulating the STN produced the same benefit as destroying it, so the benefit was never about the tissue." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 1:01](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=61)
- "With DBS, the structure stays intact and the surgeon can adjust amplitude, frequency, pulse width, and treat both sides safely." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 1:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=68)
- "The early STEM trial confirmed DBS beat medical therapy on quality of life." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 1:17](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=77)
- "Adaptive DBS devices record local field potentials from the STN, watching for pathological beta oscillations." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 1:27](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=87)
- "Pathological beta oscillations are a 13 to 30 Hz rhythm that suppresses movement." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 1:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=96)
- "When beta appears, stimulation fires; when it fades, it eases off." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 1:40](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=100)
- "Adaptive DBS results in less unnecessary current, longer battery life, and fewer side effects." (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 1:45](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=105)
- "Functional neurosurgery is under-taught in basic training and most units don't do much of it" (opinion) [Ep 1 · 0:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=29)
- "Examiner expectations for functional neurosurgery are low and the basics are all you need" (opinion) [Ep 1 · 0:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=36)
- "Functional neurosurgery splits into three exam topics: movement disorders, pain surgery, and epilepsy" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 0:49](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=49)
- "Parkinson's disease has 4 cardinal features and bradykinesia is mandatory for the diagnosis" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:28](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=88)
- "Tremor responds best to deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:35](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=95)
- "Gait freezing, speech and cognition respond poorly to deep brain stimulation" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=104)
- "Cognition can be worsened by deep brain stimulation" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:48](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=108)
- "Balance, speech, and postural instability all respond poorly to deep brain stimulation" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 2:11](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=131)
- "Subthalamic nucleus is the first choice target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease" (guideline) [Ep 1 · 2:25](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=145)
- "Globus pallidus internus is the second choice target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease" (guideline) [Ep 1 · 2:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=149)
- "When dyskinesia dominates, the globus pallidus internus is preferred because it smooths dyskinesia directly" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 2:40](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=160)
- "When tremor dominates, the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus is the tremor target" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 2:48](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=168)
- "The anterior limb of the internal capsule is an obsessive compulsive disorder target, not a Parkinson's target" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 3:19](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=199)
- "Inclusion criteria for DBS include disease over 5 years, a meaningful levodopa response, disabling fluctuations, or refractory tremor" (guideline) [Ep 1 · 4:12](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=252)
- "Exclusion criteria for DBS include dementia, untreated depression or psychosis, and atypical Parkinsonism like progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy" (guideline) [Ep 1 · 4:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=269)
- "The levodopa challenge predicts the response to deep brain stimulation, not severity" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 4:51](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=291)
- "Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus roughly reproduces the patient's best medication on state, so a good levodopa response predicts a good stimulation response" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 4:59](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=299)
- "Atypical Parkinsonism doesn't respond to deep brain stimulation and is a contraindication" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 5:48](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=348)
- "At the subthalamic nucleus, medial spread hits the 3rd cranial nerve and red nucleus, giving diplopia" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:22](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=382)
- "At the subthalamic nucleus, lateral spread hits the internal capsule, giving contralateral twitching and dysarthria" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:32](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=392)
- "At the globus pallidus internus, ventral spread hits the optic tract, giving phosphenes (flashes of light)" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=399)
- "At the globus pallidus internus, posteromedial spread hits the capsule, giving muscle contraction" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:48](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=408)
- "The side effect tells you where the electrode is, and you correct by moving away from the structure you're hitting" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:53](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=413)
- "Motor fibers run in the internal capsule just lateral to the subthalamic nucleus" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:09](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=429)
- "Twitching during STN stimulation means you're too lateral and should move medially away from the capsule" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=438)
- "Reducing voltage just shrinks your therapeutic window and doesn't fix electrode position" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:37](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=457)
- "Red nucleus diplopia is the medial side effect from spread toward the 3rd cranial nerve and red nucleus" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:50](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=470)
- "The optic tract is ventral to the globus pallidus internus, so ventral spread produces flashes of light (phosphenes)" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:10](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=490)
- "The dopamine transporter scan separates Parkinson's from essential tremor and drug-induced tremor, showing reduced uptake in the posterior putamen" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:30](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=510)
- "The dopamine transporter scan does not distinguish Parkinson's from atypical Parkinsonism" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=519)
- "DBS is not a reversible lesion" (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0)
- "High-frequency stimulation disrupts pathological beta oscillations" (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0)
- "Pathological beta oscillations cause bradykinesia and rigidity" (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0)
- "The hyperdirect pathway carries antidromic spikes back to motor cortex within milliseconds" (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0)
- "The connectivity profile of the active contact matters more than its coordinates" (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0)
- "Dorsolateral STN and ventromedial STN produce completely different clinical outcomes" (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0)
- "Chronic stimulation induces synaptic plasticity and neurochemical change" (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0)
- "Dystonia takes months to respond to DBS" (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0)
- "DBS mechanism operates through three layers: fast electrical effects, network remodelling, and plasticity" (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0)
- "In DBS programming, you are programming axons not grey matter" (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-4-13633?t=0)
- "More than thirty percent of all DBS failures trace back to one mistake—the wrong patient, or the wrong target, chosen long before the operation even began." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "Target selection is the only step in DBS that cannot be corrected after surgery." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "The TARGET framework consists of six components that function as gates, not as a score: True diagnosis, Anatomy of symptoms, Response to levodopa, Goal, Evaluation of the brain, and Red lines." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "Atypical parkinsonism conditions to distinguish from true Parkinson's include MSA, PSP, Lewy body dementia, and Corticobasal Degeneration." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "The thirty percent levodopa response threshold is a meaningful criterion for DBS candidacy." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "DBS is a biological amplifier, not a generator." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "The TARGET framework can solve to STN, GPi, or Vim depending on patient characteristics." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "Cognitive reserve and mood are factors that determine whether to operate at all and which target is more forgiving when the brain is vulnerable." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "The EARLYSTIM trial changed the conversation about timing of DBS surgery." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "Both operating too late and operating too early are mistakes in DBS timing." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "There are six absolute red lines that collapse the entire TARGET equation to zero." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "A confident 'no' protects the patient far more than a hesitant 'yes' in DBS decision-making." (opinion) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "A five-evaluation multidisciplinary workup feeds every target decision." (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-5-13632?t=0)
- "Parkinson's disease is a circuit disorder, not just a dopamine deficiency." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- "The subthalamic nucleus becomes overactive in Parkinson's disease despite being structurally intact." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- "Irreversibility was the fatal limitation of thalamotomy and pallidotomy." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- "Benabid discovered in Grenoble in 1987 that high-frequency stimulation could replicate the effects of ablative lesions reversibly, shifting the entire question of surgery." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- "Adaptive closed-loop DBS represents the future of the field." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- "The first thalamotomies for Parkinson's disease were performed in the 1950s." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- "Stereotactic frames convert the head into a stable 3D coordinate system to place DBS electrodes within 1 mm of the target." (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-2-13635?t=0)
- "The concept of stereotaxis began with Horsley & Clarke and was later adapted for human use." (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-2-13635?t=0)
- "Arc-radius frames work on the principle that the target sits at the centre of the arc." (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-2-13635?t=0)
- "Frame-based systems remain the reference standard in DBS despite the availability of robotic and frameless systems." (opinion) [Ep 6 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-2-13635?t=0)
- "Brain surgeons must hit deep targets only a few millimeters wide, buried more than 10 cm inside the brain, with less than 1 mm error." — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)
- "1 mm of error can change a patient's outcome in DBS and other functional procedures." — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)
- "Functional neurosurgeons turn anatomy into a 3D coordinate system (X, Y, Z)." — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)
- "Skull landmarks and surface anatomy failed for deep targets." — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)
- "Internal brain landmarks like the AC-PC line are important for targeting." — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)
- "Stereotactic atlases and MRI work together in modern targeting." — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)

## Changelog
- Sep 24: 7 items added automatically

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