# Obesity — GCMD Library living collection

Everything in the library about obesity — built automatically from dossiers that name it.

Updated: n/a · 7 episodes · 109 cited statements

## Episodes
### Diagnosis & Workup
- [Identifying & Managing Eating Disorders in Pediatric Obesity Treatment: Current Practices in Weight](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885) — video · 0:53 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885.md)
- [Identifying & Managing Eating Disorders in Pediatric Obesity Treatment: Current Practices in Weight](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886) — video · 0:53 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886.md)

### Surgical Management
- [Dr. Marc Michalsky - Pediatric Robotic-Assisted Surgery – Developing a Programmatic Paradigm](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169) — video · 66:48 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169.md)

### Evidence & Research
- [Clinical Research Facilitators, Barriers, and Preferences of Parents of Children With Overweight...](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/clinical-research-facilitators-barriers-and-preferences-of-parents-of-children-with-overweight-13884) — video · 0:41 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/clinical-research-facilitators-barriers-and-preferences-of-parents-of-children-with-overweight-13884.md)

### Case-Based Learning
- [Rapid Fire and Conclusion: Pediatric Obesity 2017](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373) — video · 23:37 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373.md)
- [PDC 2020 Practice Gaps](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998) — video · 83:26 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998.md)

### In-Depth Reviews
- [Pediatric Obesity Is a Disease: Treatment, Medications, Surgery & Equity in Care with Dr. Justin Ryder](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602) — video · 6:48 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602.md)

## Chapters
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=0) Optimal BMI for Bariatric Surgery Intervention and Surgery vs. Medication Decision-Making (Ep 1)
- [8:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=498) Pharmacotherapy Use Patterns in Clinical Practice (Ep 1)
- [10:42](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=642) Financial Viability of Nutrition Services (Ep 1)
- [14:22](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=862) Sugar Tax Policy Debate (Ep 1)
- [16:47](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=1007) Eating Disorders in Obesity Treatment (Ep 1)
- [22:37](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=1357) Closing Remarks (Ep 1)
- [0:12](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=12) Introduction and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Obese Surgical Patients (Ep 2)
- [7:54](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=474) Long-term Surveillance After Esophageal Atresia Repair (Ep 2)
- [13:22](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=802) Gas Embolism During Neonatal Laparoscopy (Ep 2)
- [24:24](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=1464) Thromboelastography in Pediatric Trauma (Ep 2)
- [29:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=1740) CDH Readiness Criteria and Pulmonary Hypertension Management (Ep 2)
- [41:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=2460) Conservative Management of Spontaneous Pneumothorax (Ep 2)
- [51:38](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3098) Balanced Resuscitation in Pediatric Trauma (Ep 2)
- [60:01](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3601) Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement Guidelines (Ep 2)
- [68:21](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4101) Hemodialysis Access: Fistula versus Catheter (Ep 2)
- [75:42](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4542) Newer Biologic Agents for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Androgen Insensitivity Management (Ep 2)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=0) Introduction and lineage (Ep 3)
- [5:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=334) History of robotic surgery (Ep 3)
- [10:25](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=625) Rationale and organizational framework (Ep 3)
- [18:06](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=1086) Nationwide's adoption timeline and volume trends (Ep 3)
- [21:16](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=1276) Practical infrastructure: rooms, staffing, credentialing (Ep 3)
- [27:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=1649) Scheduling and block-time overlay system (Ep 3)
- [33:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=2014) Clinical applications: bariatric surgery (Ep 3)
- [44:16](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=2656) Advanced cases and technical pearls (Ep 3)
- [49:21](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=2961) Marketing, education, and future platforms (Ep 3)
- [52:57](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=3177) Q&A: support, cost, credentialing, autonomy (Ep 3)
- [0:01](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=1) Introduction and Disease Framework (Ep 4)
- [1:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=60) Paradigm Shift in Treatment Guidelines (Ep 4)
- [2:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=149) Treatment Effectiveness and Weight Regain (Ep 4)
- [4:09](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=249) Comorbidities and Health Equity (Ep 4)
- [6:03](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=363) Summary and Closing (Ep 4)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/clinical-research-facilitators-barriers-and-preferences-of-parents-of-children-with-overweight-13884?t=0) Barriers to Childhood Obesity Research Enrollment (Ep 5)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=0) Eating Disorder Screening Gaps in Pediatric Weight Management (Ep 6)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=0) Eating Disorder Screening Gaps in Pediatric Weight Management (Ep 7)

## Statements
Every statement is attributed, typed, and timestamped; the link is the citation.
- "Researchers surveyed more than 100 parents of children with overweight or obesity to understand what influences their decision to participate in research" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 0:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/clinical-research-facilitators-barriers-and-preferences-of-parents-of-children-with-overweight-13884?t=7)
- "Parents reported more reasons to participate in childhood obesity research than reasons not to participate" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 0:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/clinical-research-facilitators-barriers-and-preferences-of-parents-of-children-with-overweight-13884?t=15)
- "Mistrust, time demands, and social pressure are barriers that make it harder for parents to participate in childhood obesity research" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 0:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/clinical-research-facilitators-barriers-and-preferences-of-parents-of-children-with-overweight-13884?t=15)
- "Research perceptions varied by family characteristics" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 0:26](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/clinical-research-facilitators-barriers-and-preferences-of-parents-of-children-with-overweight-13884?t=26)
- "To improve childhood obesity research, studies need to be easier to join, reduce participation burden, and build trust with families from the beginning" — Lizzie Lee (opinion) [Ep 5 · 0:30](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/clinical-research-facilitators-barriers-and-preferences-of-parents-of-children-with-overweight-13884?t=30)
- "A national survey examined pediatric weight management programs across the US regarding eating disorder screening practices" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 6 · 0:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=8)
- "Most programs are screening for eating disorders but not in a standardized way" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 6 · 0:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=14)
- "About 60% of programs perform some form of eating disorder screening" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 6 · 0:19](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=19)
- "Much of the screening is informal, using homegrown questionnaires or clinical judgment rather than validated tools" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:19](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=19)
- "Providers are generally comfortable with screening for eating disorders" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 6 · 0:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=29)
- "Medical providers lag behind behavioral health specialists by a wide margin when diagnosing conditions like binge eating disorder" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 6 · 0:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=29)
- "Clinicians report not being trained enough as a barrier to eating disorder management" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 6 · 0:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=39)
- "Clinicians report not knowing how to manage eating disorders they identify as a barrier" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 6 · 0:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=39)
- "Clinicians report lacking clear treatment pathways for eating disorders as a barrier" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 6 · 0:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=39)
- "Medical providers may need more training for diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders in pediatric obesity settings" — Lizzie Lee (opinion) [Ep 6 · 0:47](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13885?t=47)
- "A national survey of pediatric weight management programs across the US was conducted" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=8)
- "Most programs are screening for eating disorders, but not in a very standardized way" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=14)
- "About 60% of programs are doing some form of screening" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:19](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=19)
- "A lot of screening uses informal, homegrown questionnaires or just clinical judgment rather than validated tools" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:19](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=19)
- "Providers are generally comfortable screening for eating disorders" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=29)
- "When it comes to diagnosing binge eating disorder, medical providers lag behind behavioral health specialists by a wide margin" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=29)
- "Clinicians report not being trained enough as a barrier to eating disorder diagnosis and management" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=39)
- "Clinicians report not knowing how to manage eating disorders they find as a barrier" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=39)
- "Clinicians report lacking clear treatment pathways for eating disorders as a barrier" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=39)
- "Medical providers may need more training for diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders" — Lizzie Lee (opinion) [Ep 7 · 0:47](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/identifying-managing-eating-disorders-in-pediatric-obesity-treatment-current-practices-in-weight-13886?t=47)
- "Obesity is a disease impacted by behavior and a multifactorial disease impacted by a robust gene-environment interaction" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:32](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=32)
- "Obesity is influenced by genetics, epigenetics, appetite and satiety hormone dysregulation, stress, economics, adverse life experiences, and environmental factors like calorically dense foods and sedentary lifestyles" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=44)
- "About 90% of efforts over the past 50 years have been on prevention of childhood obesity" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 1:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=68)
- "The new AAP clinical practice guidelines clearly state that obesity is a disease" — Justin Ryder (guideline) [Ep 4 · 1:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=75)
- "Treatment should be offered to all children above the 85th percentile, and there should be no more watchful waiting" — Justin Ryder (guideline) [Ep 4 · 1:25](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=85)
- "The guidelines describe a non-linear continuum of care starting with intensive health, behavior, and lifestyle treatment involving more than 26 contact hours over a 3 to 12-month period" — Justin Ryder (guideline) [Ep 4 · 1:41](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=101)
- "Pharmacotherapy is FDA labeled for adolescents above the age of 12" — Justin Ryder (guideline) [Ep 4 · 1:55](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=115)
- "There are 5 medications that are FDA approved for the treatment of adolescents with obesity" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 2:02](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=122)
- "Bariatric surgery should be considered for those over the age of 13 years old with a BMI 1.2 times the 95th percentile" — Justin Ryder (guideline) [Ep 4 · 2:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=128)
- "Wegovy, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, causes about 17% weight loss and is FDA approved in adolescents" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 2:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=149)
- "Data in adults on tirzepatide shows significant change in body weight compared to placebo" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 2:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=164)
- "Bariatric surgery studies show sustained weight loss in both adults and adolescent cohorts over several years" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 2:51](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=171)
- "There is no difference between Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical sleeve gastrectomy in terms of percent BMI change from baseline over a 10-year period" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 3:03](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=183)
- "There is significant heterogeneity in response to bariatric surgery, and weight regain is a significant problem" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 3:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=198)
- "Bariatric surgery produces substantial improvements in conditions that commonly occur with obesity, like hypertension, diabetes, and high lipids" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 3:24](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=204)
- "Weight regain is driven by a balance between behaviors like physical activity and energy intake, and biological factors like energy expenditure and appetite and satiety hormones" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 3:40](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=220)
- "Weight regain factors are influenced by genetics and the environment, including puberty, race, and socioeconomic status" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 3:56](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=236)
- "It is much easier to lose weight than to keep it off" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 4:03](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=243)
- "Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent pediatric liver disease" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 4:22](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=262)
- "About 20% of youth in the United States have obesity, which is roughly 15 million children" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 4:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=274)
- "Approximately 5 million children have both obesity and MASLD" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 4:40](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=280)
- "Between 250,000 and 1 million children with obesity and MASLD will progress to cirrhosis and needing a liver transplant or having hepatocellular carcinoma" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 4:45](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=285)
- "There are racial and ethnic differences in MASLD prevalence" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 4:56](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=296)
- "Obesity affects at least 35% of adults and 20% of children in Illinois" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 5:09](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=309)
- "The rates of severe forms of obesity are increasing" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 5:19](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=319)
- "Obesity significantly increases the risk of long-term health problems and early death" — Justin Ryder (clinical) [Ep 4 · 5:19](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=319)
- "Obesity has substantial economic impact with reductions in GDP and increases in state spending" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 5:23](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=323)
- "Obesity is a disease driven by biology and it is no one's fault" — Justin Ryder (opinion) [Ep 4 · 5:30](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=330)
- "Access to effective medications is a health equity issue" — Justin Ryder (opinion) [Ep 4 · 5:37](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=337)
- "Obesity disproportionately affects people of color and those living in poverty" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 5:41](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=341)
- "There is significant variation across the country in how states are covering obesity medications in Medicaid programs" — Justin Ryder (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 5:49](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pediatric-obesity-is-a-disease-treatment-medications-surgery-equity-in-care-with-dr-justin-ryder-11602?t=349)
- "Computer Motion developed 5 mm robotic instruments, which Intuitive sunsetted after acquisition." — Marc Michalsky (clinical) [Ep 3 · 13:09](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=789)
- "The da Vinci SI-to-XI transition was transformational due to enhanced range of motion and flexibility." — Marc Michalsky (clinical) [Ep 3 · 12:20](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=740)
- "Nationwide's robotic volume grew from ~70 cases in 2014 to 130–140 cases/year by 2020, with general surgery matching or exceeding urology." — Marc Michalsky (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 20:11](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=1211)
- "Using long (bariatric) instruments reduces external arm collision in smaller patients." — Marc Michalsky (clinical) [Ep 3 · 34:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=2076)
- "Approximately 12% of Nationwide's robotic cases are in patients <15 kg, driven primarily by urology." — Marc Michalsky (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 35:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=2129)
- "No difference in operative time, complications, or readmissions for sleeve gastrectomy in patients with BMI >50 vs. <50." — Marc Michalsky (clinical) [Ep 3 · 36:43](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=2203)
- "Robotic sleeve gastrectomy learning curve dropped from 132 minutes (SI) to 36 minutes (XI); shortest case 21 minutes." — Marc Michalsky (clinical) [Ep 3 · 41:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=2504)
- "Acute cholecystitis cases showed no difference in time or complications compared to elective cholecystectomy." — Marc Michalsky (clinical) [Ep 3 · 43:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=2616)
- "Robotic cases carry a facility charge of level 5 (~$4000/15 min) vs. level 3 (~$2200/15 min) for standard laparoscopy." — Marc Michalsky (clinical) [Ep 3 · 60:27](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=3627)
- "No insurance denials or patient surcharges attributed to robotic surgery at Nationwide over the entire program history." — Marc Michalsky (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 61:21](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=3681)
- "Fellows must bedside-assist 10 cases and perform 20 console cases as primary surgeon for credentialing letter." — Marc Michalsky (guideline) [Ep 3 · 62:49](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=3769)
- "Maintenance of certification requires 10 cases over a 2-year cycle plus quarterly digital simulation." — Marc Michalsky (guideline) [Ep 3 · 30:19](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=1819)
- "A children's hospital received a donated robot that sat unused for 18 months (~$25k/month maintenance) due to lack of planning." — Marc Michalsky (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 22:12](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=1332)
- "Nationwide created a block-time overlay system with 14-day release to eliminate robot-availability conflicts." — Marc Michalsky (guideline) [Ep 3 · 32:20](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=1940)
- "Intuitive employs 4 pediatric surgeons (including James Wall) and is working with FDA to shift from case-specific to category-based clearance." — Marc Michalsky (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 58:25](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=3505)
- "Emerging platforms (Medtronic Hugo, Stryker/CMR Versius) promise modular designs and 5 mm instruments." — Marc Michalsky (clinical) [Ep 3 · 51:12](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=3072)
- "Hopkins demonstrated a fully autonomous robotic cholecystectomy in a pig cadaver model with no human input." — Marc Michalsky (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 55:30](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=3330)
- "Digital overlay systems integrating axial imaging (e.g., J&J–Google partnership) are in development to superimpose CT anatomy onto robotic view." — Marc Michalsky (clinical) [Ep 3 · 64:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=3879)
- "Robotic experience improves laparoscopic skills, particularly intracorporeal knot-tying." — Marc Michalsky (opinion) [Ep 3 · 44:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=2669)
- "Starting with a familiar operation (e.g., sleeve gastrectomy) and double-scrubbing accelerates safe adoption." — Marc Michalsky (opinion) [Ep 3 · 37:03](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/dr-marc-michalsky-pediatric-robotic-assisted-surgery-developing-a-programmatic-paradigm-11169?t=2223)
- "BMIs in the 40s will predictably achieve post-surgical BMIs less than 30" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 0:56](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=56)
- "Earlier intervention in bariatric surgery improves quality of life for patients" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:49](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=109)
- "Operating at lower degrees of obesity allows moving patients into a much healthier state" (host_summary) [Ep 1 · 2:27](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=147)
- "Patients above BMI 55 have only about 14% probability of achieving BMI below 30 after surgery (data published by Tom in 2009)" (host_summary) [Ep 1 · 3:05](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=185)
- "Once BMI crosses 50 threshold, probability of mitigating risks associated with BMI 35+ becomes challenging" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 3:32](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=212)
- "Conversation about bariatric surgery should begin when BMI reaches mid-30s, especially with comorbidities" (opinion) [Ep 1 · 3:59](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=239)
- "At BMI 49, surgery may fail to get patients out of the severely obese category" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 5:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=334)
- "Topiramate and phentermine can be used as bridge therapy to buy time for patient maturity before surgery" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:27](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=387)
- "Medications can serve as bridge to surgery, primary therapeutic intervention, or post-surgical adjunct depending on patient needs" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:06](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=426)
- "Obesity is a heterogeneous disease requiring continuous treatment escalation based on individual patient response" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:56](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=476)
- "Medications should be initiated after 3-6 months in program when healthy living alone is insufficient to control disease" (guideline) [Ep 1 · 8:31](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=511)
- "Dexamphetamine has evidence base for hypothalamic obesity patients and may be needed pre- and post-surgery" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 9:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=555)
- "Hypothalamic obesity patients have biological drive to gain weight that defeats surgery, profoundly different from patients without brain injury" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 9:32](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=572)
- "Private insurers are limiting dietitian visits to 3 per year, inadequate for chronic disease management" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 13:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=816)
- "Sugar taxation decreases consumption and generates revenue (data shown by Gellibrano)" (host_summary) [Ep 1 · 15:24](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=924)
- "Taxing specific products like sugar will not have desired impact because obesity is not caused by sugar per se" (opinion) [Ep 1 · 15:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=908)
- "Most obese patients meet objective criteria for binge eating disorder when assessed with questionnaires, even without formal diagnosis" (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 19:53](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=1193)
- "Bariatric surgery demonstrates good resolution of binge eating disorder symptoms in adult literature (Jim Mitchell's work in LABS consortium)" (host_summary) [Ep 1 · 20:20](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=1220)
- "Surgery is effective at extinguishing binge eating behaviors" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 20:49](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=1249)
- "Prior binge eating disorder diagnosis may pose higher risk for relapse or weight regain long-term after surgery" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 21:03](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=1263)
- "Rate of true diagnosable binge eating disorder in obese pediatric patients is under 5% when screened with diagnostic criteria" (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 21:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=1293)
- "Disordered eating (restricting during day, overeating in evening) is present in many obese patients even without formal eating disorder diagnosis" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 21:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=1278)
- "Patients who develop fear of eating and severe restriction should be referred to eating disorders programs" (guideline) [Ep 1 · 21:51](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=1311)
- "Disordered eating applies to nearly every obese patient, involving feelings and emotions around eating, food, and restricting, even without meeting DSM criteria" (clinical) [Ep 1 · 22:20](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/rapid-fire-and-conclusion-pediatric-obesity-2017-373?t=1340)
- "In the last 40 years, the prevalence of obesity has gone to over 18% of children worldwide" — Liz Byerly (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 6:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=399)
- "Kids who are obese and receiving therapy for DVT require closer monitoring of their enoxaparin levels because they can have altered drug metabolism due to obesity" — Liz Byerly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 7:24](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=444)
- "NASPGHAN and European counterparts recommend screening endoscopy at 10 years of age for esophageal atresia patients, whether or not they're on anti-reflux medications" — Liz Byerly (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 10:38](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=638)
- "NASPGHAN guidelines recommend screening endoscopy in early adulthood for esophageal atresia patients, and then every 5 to 10 years for adults" — Liz Byerly (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 11:10](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=670)
- "A significant number of children with repaired esophageal atresia will have esophageal metaplasia or Barrett's esophagus, and symptoms often do not correlate with pathology" — Liz Byerly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 11:22](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=682)
- "Studies from the Netherlands and Finland showed an increased risk of esophageal carcinoma in patients with repaired esophageal atresia" — Liz Byerly (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 12:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=720)
- "The most likely cause of cardiac arrest during laparoscopy in neonates is pneumopericardium from extraperitoneal insufflation" — Liz Byerly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 16:22](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=982)
- "A survey of pediatric surgeons in the United States found that 28% had experienced gas embolism during neonatal laparoscopy" — Liz Byerly (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 16:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=1004)
- "The problem occurs because insufflation tubing contains air with nitrogen, which is not soluble in blood, unlike carbon dioxide. It's like the baby gets the bends when you insufflate all that air" — Liz Byerly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 17:52](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=1072)
- "End-tidal CO2 is the most sensitive detector of a gas embolism during laparoscopic surgery" — Liz Byerly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 17:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=1034)
- "Prevention strategies include turning gas on and flushing tubing of air before connecting it to the patient, which decreases the amount of nitrogen and air delivered" — Liz Byerly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 19:09](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=1149)
- "On thromboelastography, if R time is abnormal, the patient needs FFP. If alpha angle is abnormal, administer cryoprecipitate. If maximum amplitude is abnormal, give platelets. If LY30 shows excessive fibrinolysis, give aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid" — Liz Byerly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 27:03](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=1623)
- "Canadian CDH Collaborative readiness criteria for surgery include normal blood pressure for age, urine output >1cc/kg/hr, serum lactate <3, FiO2 <50%, preductal saturation around 90%, and pulmonary artery pressures less than systemic" — Eric Skarsgard (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 37:49](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=2269)
- "Surgery is a stressor on the pulmonary vascular bed in CDH patients, so we want to see pulmonary artery pressures trending down and less than systemic pressures before operating" — Eric Skarsgard (clinical) [Ep 2 · 38:20](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=2300)
- "For CDH patients with predominantly right ventricular dysfunction on echo, treatment options are nitric oxide, sildenafil, and increasingly PGE1, which maintains the ductus open and allows a pop-off vent for the right ventricle" — Eric Skarsgard (clinical) [Ep 2 · 39:47](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=2387)
- "A randomized trial of spontaneous pneumothorax showed roughly equivalent lung re-expansion by 8 weeks (high 90%) between conservative management and intervention groups" — Eric Skarsgard (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 50:13](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3013)
- "The spontaneous pneumothorax trial showed a threefold increase in adverse events in the interventional group, including bleeding, need for catheter repositioning, and continuing air leaks" — Eric Skarsgard (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 50:22](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3022)
- "The spontaneous pneumothorax trial showed a twofold increase in twelve-month recurrence rates for patients who received intervention versus conservative management" — Eric Skarsgard (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 50:50](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3050)
- "ATLS 10th edition guidelines recommend limiting crystalloid to not more than 20cc per kilogram in pediatric trauma resuscitation" — Eric Skarsgard (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 56:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3378)
- "Giving excessive crystalloid worsens dilutional coagulopathy and increases metabolic acidosis in trauma patients" — Eric Skarsgard (clinical) [Ep 2 · 56:37](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3397)
- "Military data from Afghanistan and Iraq showed that increased use of massive transfusion protocols in pediatric trauma patients correlated with decreased mortality between 2001 and 2013" — Eric Skarsgard (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 57:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3438)
- "Early balanced blood product resuscitation (red cells, platelets, and plasma) results in using less blood products overall and significantly improved mortality and morbidity outcomes" — Eric Skarsgard (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 57:58](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3478)
- "Military studies clearly show a survival advantage from use of tranexamic acid in trauma patients" — Eric Skarsgard (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 58:32](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3512)
- "There is no evidence supporting intentional hypotensive resuscitation as a strategy in pediatric trauma" — Eric Skarsgard (opinion) [Ep 2 · 58:51](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3531)
- "SCOPE Collaborative guidelines for peritoneal dialysis catheter placement include preoperative antibiotic with gram-positive coverage, downward or lateral exit site placement, and no suture at the exit site" — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 60:21](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3621)
- "Failure rates for dialysis access are quite high: 45% within two months for hemodialysis catheters and 30 to 50% for peritoneal dialysis catheters" — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 63:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=3787)
- "Analysis of a large international registry shows over 70% of children have a hemodialysis catheter placed and only 26% receive an AV fistula" — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 67:22](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4042)
- "Multiple studies show superior primary and secondary patency rates for AV fistulas compared to catheters in pediatric patients" — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 67:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4054)
- "Organizations have recommended considering AV fistula use in children over 20 kg who will require at least 12 months of hemodialysis" — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 68:04](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4084)
- "Half-life of even a living donor kidney is only about 23-24 years, so a 5-year-old receiving a transplant will face retransplant at age 27-28" — Eric Skarsgard (clinical) [Ep 2 · 69:16](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4156)
- "Entyvio (vedolizumab) is a monoclonal antibody targeted at the gut epithelium with a great safety profile in adult studies" — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 73:55](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4435)
- "In a 2017 review of 64 children who had failed anti-TNF therapy, 25 reached steroid-free remission with Entyvio" — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 74:16](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4456)
- "The risk of cancer in complete androgen insensitivity is probably lower than previously thought, closer to 1 to 2% rather than 2 to 5%" — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 78:55](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4735)
- "Patients with androgen insensitivity report feeling abnormal after gonadectomy even when given estrogens, because the testes are a source of estrogen as well as testosterone that is converted peripherally" — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 79:12](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4752)
- "Women on estrogens for prolonged periods after gonadectomy have increased cardiovascular risk" — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 79:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/pdc-2020-practice-gaps-2998?t=4776)

## Changelog
- Sep 7: 3 items added automatically
- Sep 7: 4 items added automatically

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