# CICU / Post-op CHD Care — GCMD Library living collection

Also covered as: congenital heart disease · severe acute kidney injury · pulmonary hypertension · trisomy 21 · ventricular septal defect · congenital diaphragmatic hernia · pulmonary hypoplasia · malrotation

Experts: Dr. Lizzie Lee, Dr. Todd Ponsky, Dr. Charlie Stolar, Dr. Avi Schlager

Updated: n/a · 8 episodes · 137 cited statements

## Episodes
### Evidence & Research
- [Early Tricuspid Valve Surgery for Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/early-tricuspid-valve-surgery-for-heart-failure-in-congenital-heart-disease-12050) — video · 0:46 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/early-tricuspid-valve-surgery-for-heart-failure-in-congenital-heart-disease-12050.md)
- [Practice Patterns and Outcomes of Hemodialysis in Infants Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgery in th](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114) — video · 0:53 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114.md)
- [Practice Patterns and Outcomes of Hemodialysis in Infants Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgery in the](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117) — video · 0:53 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117.md)
- [Practice Patterns and Outcomes of Hemodialysis in Infants Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgery in the](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127) — video · 0:53 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127.md)
- [Practice Patterns and Outcomes of Hemodialysis in Infants Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgery...](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128) — video · 0:53 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128.md)
- [Surgical and Catheter-Based Intervention in Pediatric Pulmonary Vein Stenosis](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566) — video · 0:57 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566.md)

### In-Depth Reviews
- [Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia with Dr. Charlie Stolar](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303) — podcast · 82:05 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303.md)
- [Abdominal Wall Defects with Dr. Jacob Langer](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821) — podcast · 52:45 · [machine version](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821.md)

## Chapters
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=0) Introduction and Antenatal Counseling (Ep 1)
- [7:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=434) Initial Evaluation and Respiratory Management (Ep 1)
- [18:38](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1118) ECMO Management (Ep 1)
- [36:24](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=2184) Surgical Repair Techniques (Ep 1)
- [50:59](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=3059) Thoracoscopic Approach and Postoperative Care (Ep 1)
- [69:28](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4168) Long-term Complications and Follow-up (Ep 1)
- [77:21](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4641) Right-sided CDH and Special Considerations (Ep 1)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=0) Introduction and Background (Ep 2)
- [4:03](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=243) Gastroschisis: Prenatal Counseling and Delivery Planning (Ep 2)
- [16:56](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1016) Gastroschisis: Initial Management and Closure Techniques (Ep 2)
- [27:27](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1647) Gastroschisis: Complications and Associated Anomalies (Ep 2)
- [40:17](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2417) Omphalocele: Prenatal Counseling and Small vs Giant Omphaloceles (Ep 2)
- [48:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2888) Omphalocele: Surgical Management and Long-term Issues (Ep 2)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/early-tricuspid-valve-surgery-for-heart-failure-in-congenital-heart-disease-12050?t=0) Timing of Tricuspid Valve Surgery in TGA (Ep 3)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114?t=0) Hemodialysis Outcomes After Infant Congenital Heart Surgery (Ep 4)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117?t=0) Hemodialysis Outcomes After Infant Congenital Heart Surgery (Ep 5)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127?t=0) Hemodialysis Outcomes After Infant Congenital Heart Surgery (Ep 6)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128?t=0) Hemodialysis Outcomes After Infant Congenital Heart Surgery (Ep 7)
- [0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566?t=0) Surgical vs Catheter-Based Intervention in Pediatric Pulmonary Vein Stenosis (Ep 8)

## Statements
Every statement is attributed, typed, and timestamped; the link is the citation.
- "Pulmonary vein stenosis is a rare but serious condition where the veins from the lungs to the heart become narrowed" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 8 · 0:06](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566?t=6)
- "A study from Cincinnati Children's examined 56 children comparing surgery versus catheter-based interventions for pulmonary vein stenosis" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 8 · 0:12](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566?t=12)
- "Over time, catheter-based treatments became the preferred first option for pulmonary vein stenosis" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 8 · 0:23](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566?t=23)
- "Surgery was reserved for complex cases involving multiple severely affected veins or other heart defects" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 8 · 0:28](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566?t=28)
- "92% of children with pulmonary vein stenosis needed another intervention after initial treatment" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 8 · 0:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566?t=34)
- "Most reinterventions for pulmonary vein stenosis occurred within the first year after initial treatment" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 8 · 0:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566?t=34)
- "Recurrence of pulmonary vein stenosis remained common regardless of the initial intervention type" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 8 · 0:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566?t=34)
- "Pulmonary vein stenosis requires ongoing surveillance, repeated interventions, and a long-term multidisciplinary approach" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 8 · 0:48](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surgical-and-catheter-based-intervention-in-pediatric-pulmonary-vein-stenosis-13566?t=48)
- "CDH diagnosis is usually made at about 20 weeks gestation with routine anatomy scan when ultrasonographers see the stomach in the same cross-sectional plane as the heart" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 3:37](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=217)
- "CDH should be discussed as a growth arrest of both lungs with the ipsilateral side more severely affected than the contralateral side" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 4:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=254)
- "The lungs are affected at birth by a mix of pulmonary hypoplasia and altered pulmonary vascular resistance with altered transitional circulation" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 4:23](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=263)
- "CDH is not a surgical emergency but a medical physiologic emergency" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 5:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=300)
- "Diagnosis of CDH alone is not an indication for cesarean section; recommend elective spontaneous vaginal delivery assuming no obstetric issues" — Charlie Stolar (guideline) [Ep 1 · 5:24](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=324)
- "Antenatal interventions for CDH are no better than investigational and experimental at best" — Charlie Stolar (opinion) [Ep 1 · 6:35](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=395)
- "Babies with CDH should be born at a full service children's facility with availability of ECMO, as maybe 10-15% will benefit from ECMO" — Charlie Stolar (guideline) [Ep 1 · 7:23](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=443)
- "In single center experiences, presence of liver in chest or stomach in chest is of no prognostic value" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:31](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=511)
- "Lung to head ratio is of no better than limited value except when very low (less than 0.8), where prognosis is concerning" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:42](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=522)
- "Associated congenital heart disease and central nervous system abnormalities augur for poor prognosis" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 9:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=547)
- "If shown 100 children with CDH, 80-85% will survive to become teenagers" — Charlie Stolar (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 10:13](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=613)
- "Steroids have tremendous value for preterm labor under 35 weeks but role in near-term babies (37-39 weeks) with CDH is arguable" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 10:37](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=637)
- "Exit to ECMO for CDH is nonsense except potentially for investigational protocol using liquid ventilation with perfluorocarbons as trophic agent to provoke lung growth" — Charlie Stolar (opinion) [Ep 1 · 12:06](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=726)
- "Respiratory care strategy requires babies to be breathing spontaneously with no paralysis and minimal sedation" — Charlie Stolar (guideline) [Ep 1 · 15:12](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=912)
- "ECMO indication is not meeting tissue oxygen requirements despite best medical management, commonly using oxygenation index greater than 40 for 4 hours or more" — Charlie Stolar (guideline) [Ep 1 · 17:52](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1072)
- "All therapy is guided by preductal oximetry, not postductal, because guiding by postductal will lead to premature and precipitous interventions" — Charlie Stolar (guideline) [Ep 1 · 19:06](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1146)
- "If preductal saturation is 90% (PAO2 of 65 torr), the brain is doing fine because this is fetal hemoglobin" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 19:32](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1172)
- "Most babies with CDH don't tolerate conventional ventilator settings and require unconventional mode with 100 breaths per minute, peak pressure turned down to zero, and high gas flow rate" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 22:49](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1369)
- "Nitric oxide is a waste of money for CDH babies; it's terrific for premature babies with immature lung disease but of no value in CDH" — Charlie Stolar (opinion) [Ep 1 · 25:45](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1545)
- "The best drug for CDH is oxygen" — Charlie Stolar (opinion) [Ep 1 · 26:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1567)
- "ECMO gestational age limit has been pushed from 36 weeks down to 35 or 34 weeks, with reports as low as 32 weeks, but intracranial hemorrhage rate increases significantly below 34 weeks" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 26:22](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1582)
- "The real issue for ECMO candidacy is whether you have a reversible condition - don't start something you can't finish" — Charlie Stolar (guideline) [Ep 1 · 28:45](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1725)
- "VV ECMO is terrific if the heart works, but in CDH the heart function is often depressed and it's hard to get the cannula in with mediastinum shifted" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 30:27](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1827)
- "VA bypass is basically dial in a PAO2, while VV has mixing issues and canal position concerns making it much more annoying for unstable CDH patients" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 31:53](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1913)
- "Echo guidance during ECMO cannulation is really helpful to avoid driving arterial cannula out subclavian artery or venous cannula into innominate vein" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 32:17](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=1937)
- "Goal ECMO flow on VA is about 100-125 cc/kg/min, which is about 80% of cardiac output assuming open duct" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 35:10](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=2110)
- "Typical stable CDH patient will be crummy for about 1 day postoperatively then get better and be extubated in 4-5 days" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 69:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4140)
- "CDH is a field defect affecting the entire foregut from pharynx to ligament of Treitz, causing disordered motility throughout" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 69:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4179)
- "GI series in CDH patients shows very dilated, ectatic, abnormal looking esophagus with abnormal motility, gastric motility, and gastric emptying" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 69:55](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4195)
- "The foregut dysmotility is not really reflux, and calling it reflux has suckered surgeons into doing fundoplications and pyloroplasties that are basically torture" — Charlie Stolar (opinion) [Ep 1 · 70:09](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4209)
- "CDH patients do well with continuous feedings slowly condensed to bolus; unusual to need surgical intervention" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 70:28](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4228)
- "Nissen fundoplication is a poor operation for CDH patients because it's fully competent on an esophagus with abnormal motility" — Charlie Stolar (opinion) [Ep 1 · 70:43](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4243)
- "CDH patients followed in multidisciplinary clinic have issues with heart, lungs, foregut, nutrition, neurodevelopmental outcome, and axial skeleton that emerge over time" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 72:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4338)
- "Four CDH teenagers developed Barrett's esophagitis, leading to recommendation for lifelong proton pump inhibitors and regular endoscopy" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 73:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4398)
- "CDH patients have increased incidence of attention deficit disorders and autism, requiring early intervention for neuropsychiatric issues" — Charlie Stolar (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 73:57](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4437)
- "As field defect, CDH causes asymmetric chest growth leading to pectus-like deformities requiring Nuss operation and breast implants in girls with no breast development on hernia side" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 74:09](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4449)
- "CDH patients develop thoracolumbar scoliosis (not idiopathic), mostly in boys, requiring early bracing program" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 74:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4474)
- "In right-sided CDH, hepatic veins not infrequently enter directly into right atrium rather than suprahepatic cava, and attempting to reduce liver when attached to heart will cause trouble" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 77:55](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4675)
- "Hepatopulmonary fusion exists in CDH where liver and lung are fused and cannot be separated surgically; most patients don't survive and often have severe congenital heart disease and IVC discontinuation" — Charlie Stolar (clinical) [Ep 1 · 78:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-with-dr-charlie-stolar-303?t=4716)
- "The frequency and incidence of abdominal wall defects appears to be increasing" (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 0:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=0)
- "With gastroschisis, the main issue is that the bowel gets damaged through fetal life" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 4:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=276)
- "Most gastroschisis patients don't have any other associated anomalies" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 4:46](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=286)
- "It's pretty rare to have other anomalies or abnormal chromosomes with gastroschisis" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 4:52](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=292)
- "Many studies have failed to show an advantage to cesarean section for gastroschisis" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 6:13](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=373)
- "Most people nowadays would not do routine cesarean section for gastroschisis" — Jacob Langer (opinion) [Ep 2 · 6:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=378)
- "There has not been any large randomized trial looking specifically at the issue of early delivery for gastroschisis" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 6:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=389)
- "Toronto delivers gastroschisis patients at around 37 weeks unless they've already gone into spontaneous labor" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 6:58](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=418)
- "The mean gestational age of onset of labor is earlier in gastroschisis pregnancies, possibly due to inflammatory mediators produced by inflamed bowel" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 7:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=427)
- "In gastroschisis pregnancies, labor induction at 37 weeks is usually successful, unlike regular pregnancies" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 7:41](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=461)
- "Most evidence from the CapsNet database suggests that delivery in a perinatal center is beneficial for gastroschisis" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 8:36](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=516)
- "During transport, gastroschisis babies should be nursed on their side, usually right side down, to prevent kinking of the mesentery and bowel ischemia" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 10:01](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=601)
- "Bedside closure is the first choice for gastroschisis if the bowel is not too thickened and there's not too much peel" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 10:57](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=657)
- "Using forceps at the bedside to push bowel back in can damage the bowel" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 11:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=689)
- "Intraabdominal pressure should be kept below 20 during gastroschisis reduction" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 12:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=734)
- "The incidence of intestinal atresia in gastroschisis is between 5 and 10%" — Jacob Langer (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 18:51](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1131)
- "There are two different kinds of intestinal atresia in gastroschisis: early-onset atresia and late-onset atresia associated with vanishing gastroschisis" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 19:01](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1141)
- "Vanishing gastroschisis occurs when the abdominal wall defect gets very small as the baby grows, causing ischemia and necrosis of the exteriorized bowel" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 19:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1174)
- "The prognosis for short bowel syndrome has improved dramatically over the last 10-15 years due to intestinal failure centers, better TPN, and improved sepsis control" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 20:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1215)
- "There is no good evidence for how to manage atresia in gastroschisis—whether to repair at initial closure, create stomas, or delay repair" — Jacob Langer (opinion) [Ep 2 · 21:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1275)
- "Neonatal stomas prolapse no matter what technique is used" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 23:00](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1380)
- "Three weeks is average for gastroschisis patients to start having bowel movements" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 24:30](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1470)
- "A UK study showed that cisapride shortened the period of intestinal dysmotility in gastroschisis, but cisapride is no longer available" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 25:02](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1502)
- "Metoclopramide can be given intravenously, ensuring the patient receives the medication even with poor intestinal absorption" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 25:20](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1520)
- "Going in too early to explore for mechanical obstruction in gastroschisis with prolonged dysmotility is a mistake" — Jacob Langer (opinion) [Ep 2 · 27:21](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1641)
- "In gastroschisis, the exteriorized testis is usually the right testis" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 28:03](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1683)
- "In about half of gastroschisis cases with exteriorized testis, the testis finds its way down into the scrotum after reduction" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 28:18](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1698)
- "Omphalocele has a much higher incidence of associated anomalies and chromosomal abnormalities compared to gastroschisis" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 28:43](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1723)
- "Small omphaloceles without liver are more likely to be associated with abnormal chromosomes than large omphaloceles" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 29:47](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1787)
- "There is no rationale for routine cesarean section or preterm delivery for small omphaloceles" — Jacob Langer (opinion) [Ep 2 · 30:05](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1805)
- "Small omphaloceles are simple to repair from a surgical point of view" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 30:29](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1829)
- "Giant omphaloceles are associated with pulmonary hypoplasia, which is difficult to diagnose prenatally" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 31:55](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1915)
- "The pressure guideline of 20 for abdominal wall defect closure was established by Stuart Lacy in the 1980s based on rabbit studies and then validated in children" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 33:28](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2008)
- "Intraabdominal pressure can be measured through the nasogastric tube or via Foley catheter measuring intravesical pressure" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 34:02](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2042)
- "The trend of intraabdominal pressure is more important than the absolute number during reduction" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 34:17](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2057)
- "The Montreal group described using the omphalocele sac as a silo by sequentially ligating it over several days" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 35:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2107)
- "Spring-loaded silos create outward pressure as you push down, causing the abdominal wall defect to become larger over time" — Todd Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 2 · 18:10](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1090)
- "A larger abdominal wall defect after silo use takes longer to close on its own after bowel reduction" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 18:41](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=1121)
- "Using Duoderm to gradually reduce giant omphaloceles appears to achieve reduction more quickly than other methods" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 37:34](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2254)
- "Indications for escharotic therapy in omphalocele include prematurity, severe cardiac disease, pulmonary hypoplasia, multiple anomalies, chromosomal abnormalities, or extremely large size" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 38:12](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2292)
- "Mushroom-shaped omphaloceles with a small abdominal wall defect but large external component will never reduce spontaneously" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 41:10](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2470)
- "In mushroom-shaped omphaloceles, enlarging the abdominal wall defect as a first step can allow more spontaneous reduction before definitive repair" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 41:20](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2480)
- "In delayed omphalocele repair, the defect often extends to the costal margin, requiring patch closure of the upper portion" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 43:35](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2615)
- "Surgisis patch fails to provide adequate closure in approximately 50% of omphalocele repairs" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 44:04](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2644)
- "Omphalocele may be part of pentalogy of Cantrell, commonly associated with diaphragmatic hernia of Morgagni" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 44:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2684)
- "Reflux is very common in omphalocele patients, especially those with cardiac disease or pulmonary hypoplasia" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 46:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2768)
- "Interventional radiology can usually place a G-tube lateral to a giant omphalocele defect under fluoroscopy" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 46:30](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2790)
- "Performing fundoplication in a child with an unreduced giant omphalocele is extremely difficult because the liver is midline and blocks access to the hiatus" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 47:15](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2835)
- "In giant omphaloceles, the midline liver can compress the duodenum or pylorus, causing mechanical gastric outlet obstruction" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 48:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2888)
- "Non-rotation in omphalocele is not associated with risk of midgut volvulus" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 48:49](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2929)
- "Children with omphalocele who develop appendicitis may have delayed diagnosis due to abnormal appendix location" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 49:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=2954)
- "Hepatic veins in omphalocele are very superficial and can be injured during fascial dissection if not carefully identified" — Jacob Langer (clinical) [Ep 2 · 50:16](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/abdominal-wall-defects-with-dr-jacob-langer-821?t=3016)
- "1% of infants can develop severe acute kidney injury and require dialysis after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 0:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114?t=7)
- "For infants that needed hemodialysis after congenital heart surgery, one-year survival was 46%" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 0:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114?t=14)
- "For infants that did not need hemodialysis after congenital heart surgery, one-year survival was 94%" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 0:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114?t=14)
- "Most infants requiring dialysis after congenital heart surgery received continuous renal replacement therapy rather than intermittent dialysis" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:23](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114?t=23)
- "Hospitals that use dialysis more frequently had 3 times higher hospital survival for infants after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 0:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114?t=33)
- "Hospitals that use dialysis more frequently had double the 1-year survival rate for infants after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 0:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114?t=33)
- "Dialysis after infant heart surgery is rare" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 4 · 0:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114?t=39)
- "Outcomes may improve when infants requiring dialysis after heart surgery are treated at a center with more experience in using dialysis" — Lizzie Lee (opinion) [Ep 4 · 0:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-th-12114?t=44)
- "1% of infants can develop severe acute kidney injury and require dialysis after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 0:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117?t=7)
- "For infants needing hemodialysis after congenital heart surgery, one-year survival was 46%" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117?t=14)
- "For infants not needing hemodialysis after congenital heart surgery, one-year survival was 94%" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117?t=14)
- "Most infants requiring dialysis after congenital heart surgery received continuous renal replacement therapy rather than intermittent dialysis" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:23](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117?t=23)
- "Hospitals that use dialysis more frequently had 3 times higher hospital survival for infants after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117?t=33)
- "Hospitals that use dialysis more frequently had double the 1-year survival rate for infants after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117?t=33)
- "Dialysis after infant heart surgery is rare" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 0:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117?t=39)
- "Outcomes may improve when infants requiring dialysis after heart surgery are treated at a center with more experience in using dialysis" — Lizzie Lee (opinion) [Ep 5 · 0:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12117?t=44)
- "1% of infants can develop severe acute kidney injury and require dialysis after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 6 · 0:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127?t=7)
- "For infants needing hemodialysis after congenital heart surgery, one-year survival was 46%" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127?t=14)
- "For infants not needing hemodialysis after congenital heart surgery, one-year survival was 94%" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127?t=14)
- "Most infants requiring dialysis after congenital heart surgery received continuous renal replacement therapy rather than intermittent dialysis" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:23](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127?t=23)
- "Hospitals that use dialysis more frequently had 3 times higher hospital survival for infants after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127?t=33)
- "Hospitals that use dialysis more frequently had double the 1-year survival rate for infants after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127?t=33)
- "Dialysis after infant heart surgery is rare" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 6 · 0:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127?t=39)
- "Outcomes may improve when infants requiring dialysis after heart surgery are treated at a center with more experience in using dialysis" — Lizzie Lee (opinion) [Ep 6 · 0:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-in-the-12127?t=44)
- "1% of infants develop severe acute kidney injury requiring dialysis after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:07](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128?t=7)
- "One-year survival for infants requiring hemodialysis after congenital heart surgery is 46%" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128?t=14)
- "One-year survival for infants not requiring hemodialysis after congenital heart surgery is 94%" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:14](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128?t=14)
- "Most infants requiring dialysis after congenital heart surgery received continuous renal replacement therapy rather than intermittent dialysis" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:23](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128?t=23)
- "Hospitals that use dialysis more frequently had 3 times higher hospital survival for infants after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128?t=33)
- "Hospitals that use dialysis more frequently had double the 1-year survival rate for infants after congenital heart surgery" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128?t=33)
- "Dialysis after infant heart surgery is rare" — Lizzie Lee (epidemiological) [Ep 7 · 0:39](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128?t=39)
- "Outcomes for infants requiring dialysis after heart surgery may improve when treated at centers with more experience in using dialysis" — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:44](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/practice-patterns-and-outcomes-of-hemodialysis-in-infants-undergoing-congenital-heart-surgery-12128?t=44)
- "In adults with transposition of the great arteries, the right ventricle sometimes has to pump blood to the whole body." — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/early-tricuspid-valve-surgery-for-heart-failure-in-congenital-heart-disease-12050?t=8)
- "The right ventricle was not built to pump blood to the whole body." — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:08](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/early-tricuspid-valve-surgery-for-heart-failure-in-congenital-heart-disease-12050?t=8)
- "Over time, many patients with transposition of the great arteries develop severe tricuspid regurgitation and worsening heart function." — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:16](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/early-tricuspid-valve-surgery-for-heart-failure-in-congenital-heart-disease-12050?t=16)
- "Patients with moderate to severe tricuspid valve leakage but only mild to moderate ventricular dysfunction had better outcomes after surgery." — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:25](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/early-tricuspid-valve-surgery-for-heart-failure-in-congenital-heart-disease-12050?t=25)
- "If the right ventricle was already severely weak, tricuspid valve surgery did not make a difference in outcomes." — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:33](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/early-tricuspid-valve-surgery-for-heart-failure-in-congenital-heart-disease-12050?t=33)
- "In patients with transposition of the great arteries, earlier tricuspid valve surgery can improve outcomes." — Lizzie Lee (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:37](https://library.globalcastmd.com/watch/early-tricuspid-valve-surgery-for-heart-failure-in-congenital-heart-disease-12050?t=37)

## Changelog
- Aug 31: 5 doctors auto-found from episode dossiers
- Aug 30: 5 doctors auto-found from episode dossiers
- Aug 30: 5 doctors auto-found from episode dossiers
- Aug 30: Members-only episodes removed from this collection
- Aug 29: 13 doctors auto-found from episode dossiers
- Aug 29: 13 doctors auto-found from episode dossiers
- Aug 29: Collection generated from campaign corpus: 12 items, 12 dossiers, summaries for 3 audience(s)
- Aug 29: Collection reviewed and published
- Aug 29: Collection generated from campaign corpus: 12 items, 12 dossiers, summaries for 4 audience(s)

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Educational content from recorded physician discussions — not medical advice. Cite the canonical URL or the ?t= deep link. Policy: https://library.globalcastmd.com/ai