A novel minimally invasive neurosurgical cranial fixation device for improved accuracy of intraventricular catheter placement: an experimental animal study

Background: External ventricular drain (EVD) insertion is one of the most commonly performed neurosurgical procedures. Herein, we introduce a new concept of a cranial fixation device for insertion of EVDs, that reduces reliance on freehand placement and drilling techniques and provides a simple, minimally invasive approach that provides strong fixation to minimal thickness skulls. Methods: An experimental device for catheter insertion and fixation was designed and tested in both ex-vivo and in-vivo conditions to assess accurate cannulation of the ventricle and to test the strength of fixation to the skull. The ex-vivo experiments were conducted at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) in Be'er Sheva, Israel. These experiments included functionality bench testing and pullout force measurements for the ball mechanism and catheter fixation. For the in-vivo experiments the fixation device was initially tested at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) in Cincinnati, Ohio on one day of life 1 (DOL 1) male control lamb. Additional experiments were conducted on 3 hydrocephalic DOL 0 lambs (1 male 2 female) at the Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre (JUMISC) in Caceres, Spain. The hydrocephalic animal model used for this study was created with in utero intracisternal injection of BioGlue in fetal lambs. The catheter insertion trajectory was determined using MR imaging to assess the device's impact on the placement accuracy. The fixation device was evalua