Comparison and clinical analysis of antibiotics and endoscopic injection for vesicoureteral reflux in children
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In brief
In brief
This retrospective study of 52 children with primary VUR compared antibiotic prophylaxis versus endoscopic dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection. Endoscopic treatment achieved higher radiological resolution rates (57.4% vs 36.1%, p=0.048) with minimal complications, supporting its use in children with renal scarring or collecting system dilation.
- Endoscopic dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection achieved 64.8% overall success rate for pediatric VUR versus 36.1% resolution with antibiotics alone.
- Endoscopic injection had short operative time (36 min) and hospital stay (2.3 days) with no postoperative complications in this cohort.
- Renal scarring on DMSA scan (86.9% injection group vs 50% antibiotic group) and hydronephrosis on ultrasound are key indicators for endoscopic treatment.
- Two of 30 patients required repeat injection to achieve VUR resolution, suggesting initial failure rate of approximately 7%.
- Antibiotic prophylaxis remains appropriate first-line therapy; endoscopic injection is indicated for persistent reflux with renal changes.
Written by the GCMD Library team from the article.
Abstract
Purpose
This study evaluated the outcome of pediatric patients with primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and compared of the treatments between continued antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) and endoscopic injection.
Methods
The clinical data of children diagnosed with primary vesicoureteral reflux from March 2015 to June 2020 who were treated with antibiotics or endoscopic injection were reviewed. Antibiotic was the first-chosen treatment after the diagnosis of VUR in children. Endoscopic treatment consisted of injection of dextran hyaluronic acid copolymer (DX/HA) into the ureteral opening under direct cystoscopy guidance.
Results
Fifty-two children (35 males, 17 females) were included in this study, and for a total 90 ureters (14 unilateral, 38 bilateral) were diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux by Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Twenty-two children were treated with antibiotics (8 unilateral, 14 bilateral), for a total of 36 ureters; thirty children were treated by endoscopic injection (6 unilateral, 24 bilateral), for a total of 54 ureters. The injection surgery took 36 ± 17 min including duration of general anesthesia and circumcision and the hospital stay was 2.3 ± 1.3 days. All male patients underwent circumcision simultaneously. There were no drug and allergic reactions in the antibiotic group, and no postoperative complications occurred in the injection group. With 23 months (13–63 months) of mean follow-up, the resolution rate, defined as radiological disappearance of VUR, was 36.1% (13/36) in the antibiotic group and 57.4% (31/54) in the injection group (P = 0.048).Two cases of bilateral reflux in the injection group required a second injection before resolution could be achieved. Thus, the overall success rate of injection was 64.8% (35/54). 9 cases (9/18, 50%) in the antibiotic group had renal scars on DMSA scans, while this was seen in 20 cases (20/23, 86.9%) in the injection group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.010).The positive rates of ultrasound between the antibiotic group and the injection group were 45.5% (10/22) and 80.0% (24/30), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in positive rates of ultrasound (P = 0.010).
Conclusions
Endoscopic injection is easy to operate with short surgical time and hospital stay, so it is a safe and feasible treatment. For the treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children, the radiological resolution rate of endoscopic injection is better than antibiotic therapy. In this study, the presence of kidney scars on DMSA and the dilated of the collecting system on ultrasound are the indications for endoscopic injection.